Elementary Programming Concepts

Elementary Programming Concepts

Programming language : A combination of restricted vocabulary (words and symbols) and a syntax (rules ) is called a programming language.

A programming language is a medium used by the users to communicate and write instruction for a computer.

Types of programming languages:

There are various types of programming languages that can be categorized into four types:

i) High level programming language (e.g. Qbasic, COBOL etc.)

ii) Middle level programming language ( e.g. C )

iii) Low level programming language (e.g. Assembly language)

iv) Machine language (e.g. instructions written using 0’s and 1’s )

Programming – the process of writing instructions for computer by using computer programming language is called as programming or coding.

Program – A set or collection of sequential instruction grouped together to perform a specific task is called a program.

Software – a set or collection of various and similar programs makes a software.

PROGRAMING LANGUAGE

INSTRUCTION

PROGRAM

SOFTWARE

Programmer – Computer programmers are responsible for designing, writing and modifying computer programs. Programmers can be classified into two categories:

a) System programmer

b) Application programmer

Tools for designing a program:

Algorithm – A set sequential steps that specify the solution to a given problem is called an algorithm.

Flowchart – Symbolic visual representation of an algorithm is called a flowchart.

Advantages of flowchart:

a) Representing algorithm by flowchart and than converting it to computer program is easier and accurate than writing the program directly.

b) Flowcharts are independent of any programming languages. Hence the algorithm given in a flowchart can be translated into more than one programming languages.

Characters used in Qbasic :

a) Alphabetic characters ( A to Z )

b) Numeric characters ( 0 to 9 )

c) Special characters (“” , ; ,! etc.)

d) Function keys ( F1 to F12 )

Elementary data types used in Qbasic :

Qbasic supports two data types represented by variable which are :

a) Numeric

b) String

Variable – a symbol whose value changes during the program execution is called a variable.

For example in x = y + z ( the value of x varies depending upon the values of y and z.)

Numeric variable – A symbol that is used to store a number is known as numeric variable.

For example a= 9 and b =1.5

Types of numeric variable :

A numeric variable can further be broken down to

a) Integer (%)

b) Long integer (&)

c) Single precision (!)

d) Double precision (#)

String variable – A symbol or variable used to store string or strings is called a string variable.

The name of a string variable should start with a character and should end with a dollar ($) sign.

For example K$= “KATHMANDU”

N$ =”NEPAL”

String – A group of letters or numbers or both which are enclosed within a pair of quotation marks ( “ “ ) is called a string.

For example “ BVS “

“ 123 BVS“

Constant- A symbol whose value does not change during the execution of the program is called a constant.

Types of constant : i) numeric constant ii) string constant

Types of expression :

a) Arithmetic expression – An expression which contains values, variables and operators that returns a single numeric value after operation is called arithmetic expression. For example let x= y+z

b) Logical expression – A logical expression contains values and operations which returns one of two logical values ( true or false ) for example 6>5<7

c) String expression – an expression which returns string value after processing strings with the help of string operators. For example PRINT A$ + B$

Operators- Operators are symbols representing valid operations on values.

Operand – Operands may be a constant value or variable on which mathematical and logical operations take place.

The following expression shows operands with an operator.

OPERATOR

X = 7 + 9

OPERANDS

Types of operators:

a) Arithmetic operators

b) Relation operators

c) Logical operators

d) String operators

Arithmetic operators – Arithmetic operators are used to solve the value of an expression. In Qbasic, the following arithmetic operators can be used.

Operators	Action
+	Addition
-	subtraction
*	multiplication
/	Division
^	To the power

Relational operators – Relational operators are used to compare two or more values. Using this, we can compare values of variables with a constant. In Qbasic the following relational operators can be used.

Operators	Relation
=	Equal to
<>	Not equal to
<	Less than
<=	Less than equal to
>	Greater than
>=	Greater than equal to

Logical operators – Logical operators are used to examine two or more relations. The outcome of this examination is given in TRUE or FALSE. Logical operators most often used are AND, OR, and NOT.

Statement – a collection of commands used in the lines of a program is called a statement. In Qbasic, the statements can be divided into four groups :

a) Assignment statement

b) Input / output statement

c) Declaration statement

d) Control statement

a) Assignment statement – A statement used to assign value of a variable is called assignment statement.

For example let A =5

B = 7

D = A +B

PRINT D

END

SWAP statement – SWAP statement is used to exchange the values of two similar type of variables

Syntax – SWAP <variable 1><varaible2>

For example:

REM EXAMPLE OF SWAP

LET X = 100

LET Y = 200

PRINT “BEFORE SWAPPING DATA “;

PRINT X

PRINT Y

PRINT “AFTER SWAPPING DATA” ;

SWAP X , Y

PRINT X

PRINT Y

END

b) Input / output statement – Input / output statements allow the user to input data to the computer and print the result after processing. They are used to perform input/output operations of a computer. Some common input/output statements are INPUT, LINE INPUT, PRINT, LPRINT etc.

CLS

Function – Clears the screen.

INPUT

Function – Reads input from the keyboard.

DATA

Function – Specifies values to be read by subsequent READ statements.

READ

Function – Reads those values and assigns them to variables.

RESTORE

Function – Allows READ to reread values in specified DATA statements.

TAB

Function – Moves the cursor to a specified print position

PRINT

Function – Writes data to the screen or to a file.

Declaration statement – A statement used to define or declare a constant, variable or array etc, is called declaration statement.

CONST, DIM, REM

CONST

Function – declares one or more symbolic constants.

DIM

Function – declares an array or specifies data type for a non array variable.

REM

Function – Allows explanatory remarks to be inserted in a program.

Example of CONST and REM

REM TO CALCULATE AREA OF A CIRCLE

CLS

CONST PI =3.141593

INPUT “RADIUS OF CIRCLE”; R

PRINT “AREA = “ PI * R ^ 2

END

EXAMPLE OF DIM

DIM NAME$ (5)

FOR I = 1 TO 5

READ NAME$ (I)

PRINT NAME$ (I)

NEXT I

DATA NEPAL,INDIA,CHINA,BHUTAN,SRILANKA

END

Control flow statements – A statement which controls the program flow while executing the program instructions one after another is called control statement.

GOTO, IF …. END IF, FOR ….. NEXT etc. are few examples of control statements.

GOTO LINE

Function – Branches to a specified line.

Decision making statements:

1. IF ….. THEN …. END IF

Function – This statement is used for making decisions and it also checks a single condition.

Syntax – IF <CONDITION> THEN

END IF

EXAMPLE: CLS

LET C = 1

TOP :

PRINT C

LET C = C + 1

IF C < = 10 THEN

GOTO TOP

END IF

END

2. IF …… THEN ….. ELSE ….. END IF

Function – This statement is used for making decisions and it checks double condition.

Syntax – IF <CONDITION> THEN

ELSE

END IF

Example : CLS

INPUT “ENTER LENGTH”; L

INPUT “ENTER BREADTH “; B

LET A = L * B

IF A > = 50 THEN

PRINT “BIG”

ELSE

PRINT “SMALL”

END IF

END

3. IF …. THEN …. ELSE IF

Function – This statement is used for checking multiple conditions

Syntax – IF <CONDITION> THEN

ELSE IF

ELSE

END IF

EXAMPLE ;

CLS

INPUT “ENTER PERCENTAGE “; P

IF P > = 60 THEN

PRINT “ 1^ST. DIVISION”

ELSE IF P >= 50 AND P < = 59 THEN

PRINT “2^ND DIVISION”

ELSE IF P > = 40 AND P < = 49 THEN

PRINT “3^RD DIVISION”

ELSE

PRINT “FAIL “

END IF

END

4. SELECT CASE …… END SELECT

Function – This command executes one of several statement blocks depending on the value of the expression.

Syntax : SELECT CASE TEXT EXPRESSION

CASE EXPRESSION LIST ONE

CASE EXPRESSION LIST2

CASE ELSE

END SELECT

EXAMPLE :

CLS

INPUT “ENTER NUMBER FROM 1 TO 10 “; N

SELECT CASE N

CASE 1,3,5,7,9

PRINT “THE NUMBER IS ODD”

CASE 2,4,6,8,10

PRINT “THE NUMBER IS EVEN”

CASE ELSE

PRINT “INVALID NUMBER “

END SELECT

END

5. FOR ….. NEXT

Function – Repeats a block of statements a specified number of times.

Syntax - FOR <VARIABLE > = < 1 TO N ><STEP >

STATEMENTS

EXAMPLE – FOR I = 1 TO 10

PRINT I

END

6. WHILE …. WEND

Function – This command executes a series of statements as long as the specified condition is true.

Syntax - WHILE <CONDITION>

STATEMENTS

WEND

EXAMPLE –

CLS

X = 1

WHILE X < = 10

PRINT X

X = X + 1

WEND

END

7. DO …. LOOP

Function – This command repeats a block of statements while the condition is true or until the condition becomes true.

Syntax - DO <WHILE /UNTIL > CONDITION

STATEMENTS

LOOP

EXAMPLE –

X = 1

DO WHILE X < = 10

PRINT X

X = X + 1

LOOP

END

Write a program to generate the following series 2,2,4,6,10 up to 10^th term using WHILE … WEND.

REM USING WHILE …. WEND

CLS

A = 2

B = 2

X =1

C = 0

PRINT A,B

WHILE X < = 15

C = A + B

PRINT C

SWAP A , B

SWAP B , C

X = X + 1

WEND

END

QBASIC – QBASIC stands for Quick Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It is the most popular high level programming language used by the beginners to write and develop elementary programs.

The original BASIC programming language was developed by Thomas Kurtz and John Kemeny in the year 1963 -1964.

Loop – In programming repeated execution of a sequence of statements is called a loop or looping.

Nested loop – A loop within a loop is called a nested loop.

Termination – Ends or terminates a basic program or a procedure.

Bug – An error or fault present in a program is called a bug.

De-bug (debugging) – The process of finding and correcting the bug (error) in a program is called debugging.

Counter – This is a variable in which the count of number of occurrences of certain event is stored while executing the program.

Accumulator – Any variable in which results of mathematical calculations are stored while the execution of the program goes on is called accumulator.

Indentation – Indentation should be followed while writing computer programs. This helps in understanding the program command, minimizes bugs and makes the debugging easy.

Branching (jumping) – If the execution of any program depart conditionally or unconditionally from its sequential flow depending on the result of a test, it is called branching.

String operators / manipulators functions - String represents alpha numeric characters (combination of alphabets and numbers that are enclosed within quotation marks).

Qbasic has many string functions that can be applied to strings and to modify and alter them if necessary. These are called string a manipulators. Since, they manipulate or re-arrange values within a string.

3. LEFT$

Function – Returns a specified number of leftmost characters in a string.

Syntax – LEFT$ ( string expression $, n%)

4. RIGHT$

Function – Returns a specified number of rightmost characters in a string.

Syntax – RIGHT$ ( string expression $, n%)

EXAMPLE :

REM EXAMPLE OF LEFT$ AND RIGHT$

SUB$ = “COMPUTER SCIENCE”

PRINT LEFT$ (SUB$, 8)

PRINT RIGHT$ (SUB$, 7)

END

5. MID$

Function – The MID$ function returns part of a string (a substring)

Syntax – MID$ (string expression$, start %, length %)

EXAMPLE :

REM EXAMPLE OF MID$

TOPIC$ = “COMPUTER IS FUN”

PRINT MID$ (TOPIC$, 1, 8)

PRINT MID$ (TOPIC$, 13, 3)

PRINT MID$ (TOPIC$, 4, 3)

END

6. LEN

Function – Returns the number of characters in a string or the number of bytes required for storing a variable.

Syntax – LEN (string expression $)

EXAMPLE :

REM EAMPLE OF LEN

SUB$ = “COMPUTER SCIENCE”

PRINT LEN (SUB$)

ANUM = 2345.45

PRINT LEN (ANUM)

END

9. STR$

Function – Returns a string representation of a number.

Syntax – STR$ (numeric expression)

10 VAL

Function – Converts a string representation of a number to a number

Syntax – VAL (string expression$)

EXAMPLE :

REM EXAMPLE OF STR$ AND VAL

PRINT “DECIMAL 65 IS REPRESENTED IN HEXADECIMAL AS”;

PRINT “8H” + LTRIM$ (STR$ (41))

PRINT VAL (RIGHT$ (“NEW YEAR”, 4))

END

13. LCASE$

Function – converts strings to all lowercase letters.

Syntax - LCASE$ (STRING EXPRESION $)

14. UCASE$

Function – converts strings to all uppercase letters.

Syntax – UCASE$ (STRING EXPRESSION$)

EXAMPLE :

REM EXAMPLE OF LCASE$ AND UCASE$

TEXT$ = “ KATHMANDU “

PRINT LCASE$ (TEXT$)

PRINT UCASE$ (TEXT$)

END

Mathematical Calculation Functions

1. ATN

Function – ATN returns the arctangent of a specified numeric expression.

Syntax – ATN ( numeric expression )

2. COS

Function – COS returns the cosine of a specified angle.

Syntax – COS (angle)

3. SIN

Function – SIN returns the sine oaf a specified angle

Syntax – SIN (ANGLE)

4. TAN

Function – TAN returns the tangent of a specified angle.

Syntax – TAN (angle)

EXAMPLE:

REM EXAMPLE OF ATN, COS, SIN AND TAN

CLS

CONST PI = 3.1415926

PRINT ATN (TAN(PI/4!)), PI/4!

PRINT (COS (180 * (PI / 180)))

PRINT (SIN ( 90 * ( PI /180 )))

PRINT ( TAN (45 * (PI / 180 )))

END

5. MOD

Function – Divides one number by another and returns the remainder.

Syntax – numeric expression 1 mod numeric expression 2

EXAMPLE :

REM EXAMPLE OF MOD

PRINT 27 MOD 4.6

END

6. SQR

Function – Returns the square root of a numeric expression

Syntax – SQR (numeric expression)

7. ABS

Function – ABS returns absolute value of a number.

Syntax – ABS (numeric expression)

8. SGN

Function – SGN returns absolute a value indicating the sign of a numeric expression.

Syntax – SGN (numeric expression)

EXAMPLE

REM EXAMPLE OF ABS/SGN

PRINT SQR (9)

PRINT ABS (55.5-100!)

PRINT SGN (15), SGN (-12),SGN (0)

END

11. FIX

Function – FIX truncates a floating point expression to its integer position.

Syntax – FIX (numeric expression)

12.INT

Function – INT returns the largest integer less than or equal to a numeric expression.

Syntax – INT (numeric expression)

EXAMPLE:

REM EXAMPLE OF FIX / INT

PRINT FIX (100.34), FIX (-37.25), FIX(.8755)

PRINT INT (8.952),INT(1.9),INT(-7.001)

END

CONCEPT OF MODULAR PROGRAMMING

FUNCTION:

A function in QBASIC is a readymade program or user made (small) program which helps to perform a specific task.

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS:

QBASIC supports two types of function:

a) User defined function

b) Library function

a) User defined function:

A user defined function is created by a user whenever the user needs to perform a certain task that cannot be performed by using a library function. ( a user defined function is created by using FUNCTION ….. END FUNCTION statement)

b) Library function:

Library functions are the ready- made programs that accept data and returns a value.

These functions are written by the developer of QBASIC at the time of development of QBASIC. Library functions are also called routine functions or built-in-functions.

The two commonly used library functions are:

i) String functions/manipulators (e.g. LEN, RIGHT$, MID$ etc)

ii) Mathematical functions (e.g. ABS, INT, MOD etc)

Linear programming:

When a program becomes complex and unmanageable, this type of programming structure is called linear programming.

Modular programming:

The way of writing a program by breaking the complex program into small, logical and manageable part is known as modular programming.

Module/Procedure:

The small logical and manageable part of the program is called a module or procedure, which sometimes are also referred as a sub program or a sub module, that contains codes i.e. instructions for performing a certain task.

(since the modular programming uses small block of functional codes it is also called structured programming)

Advantages of procedure/module:

a) A procedure can be reused more than once without rewriting it, so it reduces the length of a program

b) The procedures can be tested and debugged separately.

c) Improves the readability of the program.

Note : A modular program has a main module and may have many sub-modules. The main module contains the entry and ending point of the program. The statements or codes written in a main module are known as module level codes.

Concept of passing parameters/arguments to a function or procedure:

There are two ways to pass parameters to a function or procedure. They are:

a) Passing by value

b) Passing by reference

Concept of local and global variable

Local variable: A variable which is declared inside a module and which cannot be accessed by all the modules is known as local variable.

( All variables that is declared implicitly or explicitly without using SHARED attribute are local variables )

Global variable: A variable in main module which can be accessed from any sub module or a procedure of a program is known as global variable.

( a global variable is declared in the main module by using DIM or COMMON statement with SHARED attribute )

Example: COMMON SHARED <VARIABLE LIST>

DIM SHARED <VARIABLE LIST>

Types of procedure:

There are two types of procedure:

a) FUNCTION procedure

b) SUB procedure

Creating Function Procedure

a) Function-procedure:

There are many in built or library functions such as RIGHT$, LEN, MID$, MOD, INT etc. available in QBASIC. But at times they are not sufficient for programmers. So, in some cases, we have to make such function ourselves. This type of function is called user-defined function because it is created by the user.

A FUNCTION procedure performs the specific task and returns a value to the main program.

A user-defined function is written with FUNCTION … END FUNCTION statement.

Syntax – FUNCTION NAME <PARAMETERLIST>

< STATEMENTS >

NAME = <EXPRESION>

END FUNCTION

Declaration part

DECLARE:

Function-Declares a FUNCTION or SUB procedure and invokes argument, data type checking.

Syntax – DECLARE FUNCTION NAME (PARAMETER LIST)

NAME = Where NAME is a name of a FUNCTION procedure.

Parameter list: parameter list is the list of variables that accepts the values, passes to it when the function is called. Each variable or constant is separated by commas.

Expression: Expression is the value that has to be returned to the calling module.

Example 1. Program to find the sum of two values using FUNCTION …… END FUNCTION

DECLARE FUNCTION SUM ( A, B )

CLS

INPUT “ ENTER THE FIRST VALUE”; A

INPUT “ENTER THE SECOND VALUE”;B

S = SUM (A,B)

PRINT” THE SUM OF TWO VALUES”; S

END

FUNCTION SUM (A,B)

X= A+B

SUM = X

END FUNCTION

Example 2. Program to find the average of two values

DECLARE FUNCTION AVG ( X, Y )

CLS

INPUT “ ENTER THE FIRST VALUE”; X

INPUT “ENTER THE SECOND VALUE”;Y

AV = AVG (X,Y)

PRINT” THE AVERAGE OF TWO VALUES”; AV

END

FUNCTION AVG (X,Y)

A= (X+Y)/2

AVG = A

END FUNCTION

Creating Function Procedure

b) SUB Procedure:

A SUB procedure is a small logical and manageable part of a program which performs the specific task and does not return any value. A SUB procedure is called by using the CALL statement.

A SUB procedure is defined by using SUB ……. END SUB statement.

SUB …….. END SUB

Function : The SUB statement is used to define a sub procedure.

Syntax: SUB NAME <PARAMETERLIST>

STATEMENT BLOCK

END SUB

CALL:

Function: Transfers control to a SUB procedure.

Syntax : CALL NAME <PARAMETERLIST>

Example 1. Program to find the sum of two values using SUB …… END SUB

REM PARAMETER PASSING BY REFERENCE

DECLARE SUB SUM (A,B)

CLS

INPUT “ENTER FIRST VALUE”;A

INPUT”ENTER SECOND VALUE”;B

CALL SUM (A,B)

END

SUB SUM (A,B)

S=A+B

PRINT “THE SUM OF TWO VALUES”;S

END SUB

Example 2. Program to find the sum of two values using SUB …… END SUB

REM PARAMETER PASSING BY VALUE

DECLARE SUB SUM (A,B)

CLS

CALL SUM (7,9)

END

SUB SUM (A,B)

S=A+B

PRINT “THE SUM OF TWO VALUES”;S

END SUB

Example 3. Program to find the average of two values

DECLARE SUB AVG ( X, Y )

CLS

INPUT “ ENTER THE FIRST VALUE”; X

INPUT “ENTER THE SECOND VALUE”;Y

CALL AVG (X,Y)

END

SUB AVG (X,Y)

AV= (X+Y)/2

PRINT “THE AVERAGE OF TWO VALUES”; AV

END SUB

i) Sample Programs using FUNCTION ….. END FUNCTION:

1. Program to find the circumference of a circle

DECLARE FUNCTION CIRC(R)

CLS

INPUT “ENTER THE RADIUS OF THE CIRCLE”; R

C = CIRC (R)

PRINT ” THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE CIRCLE”; C

END

FUNCTION CIRC(R)

X= 2*3.14*R

CIRC = X

END FUNCTION

2. Program to find the area of a rectangle

DECLARE FUNCTION RECT (L,B)

CLS

INPUT “LENGTH OF RECTANGLE”; L

INPUT BREADTH OF RECTANGLE”;B

R = RECT (L,B)

PRINT” THE AREA OF RECTANGLE”; R

END

FUNCTION AREA (L,B)

A = L*B

RECT = A

END FUNCTION

3. Program to find the volume of a cylinder

DECALRE FUNCTION VOL (R,H)

CLS

INPUT “INPUT RADIUS”;R

INPUT “INPUT HEIGHT”;H

V = VOL (R,H)

PRINT” THE VOLUME OF CYLINDER”; V

END

FUNCTION VOL (R,H)

X=3.14*R^2*H

VOL =X

END FUNCTION

ii) Sample Programs using SUB ….. END SUB:

1. Program to generate the 1,1,2,3,5 series upto 10^th term.

DECLARE SUB XYZ ()

CLS

CALL XYZ

END

SUB XYZ

X=1

Y=1

FOR I= 1 TO 10

PRINT X

Z=X+Y

X=Y

Y=Z

END SUB

2. Program to generate the following series 5,10,15,20 upto 10^th term

DECLARE SUB SERIES ()

CLS

CALL SERIES

END

SUB SERIES

N=5

FOR I= 1 TO 10

PRINT N

N=N+5

END SUB

3. Program to generate the following series 2,22,222 upto 10^th term

DECLARE SUB SERIES

CLS

CALL SERIES

END

SUB SERIES

N=2

FOR I=1 TO 10

PRINT N

N=N*10+2

END SUB

WAP to create a sub procedure to find the difference and a Function module to find the sum of two values.

REM EXAMPLE OF TWO MODULES

DECLARE SUB diff (a!, b!)

DECLARE FUNCTION sum (a, b)

DECLARE SUB dif (a, b)

CLS

INPUT "enter the first value"; a

INPUT "enter the second value"; b

PRINT "the sum"; sum(a, b)

CALL diff(a, b)

END

FUNCTION sum (a, b)

sum = a + b

END FUNCTION

SUB diff (a, b)

d = a - b

PRINT "the difference"; d

END SUB

WAP to check whether the input no is odd or even using function procedure.

DECLARE FUNCTION check (n)

CLS

INPUT "enter any number"; n

IF check(n) = 0 THEN

PRINT "even number "; n

ELSE

PRINT "odd number "; n

END IF

END

FUNCTION check (n)

r = n MOD 2

check = r

END FUNCTION

WAP to check whether the input no is odd or even using sub procedure.

DECLARE SUB check (n)

CLS

INPUT "enter any number"; n

CALL check(n)

END

SUB check (n)

n = n MOD 2

IF n = 0 THEN

PRINT "even number ";

ELSE

PRINT "odd number ";

END IF

END SUB

WAP to check whether the input no is multiple of 5 or not.

DECLARE SUB multi (n)

CLS

INPUT "enter a no"; n

CALL multi(n)

END

SUB multi (n)

IF n = n MOD 5 = 0 THEN

PRINT "it is multiple of 5"

ELSE

PRINT "not a multiple of 5"

END IF

END SUB

6.REM to check no divisible by 3 and 5

DECLARE SUB check (n)

CLS

INPUT "enter any number"; n

CALL check(n)

END

SUB check (n)

IF n MOD 3 = 0 AND n MOD 5 = 0 THEN

PRINT "numer divisible by 3 and 5"

ELSEIF n MOD 3 = 0 AND n MOD 5 <> 0 THEN

PRINT " divisible by 3 but not with 5"

ELSEIF n MOD 5 = 0 AND n MOD 3 <> 0 THEN

PRINT " divisible by 5 and not 3"

ELSE

PRINT "no is not divisible by 3 and 5"

END IF

END SUB

WAP to find the volume of a Cylinder using function module

DECLARE FUNCTION vol (r, h)

CLS

INPUT "enter radius of cylinder"; r

INPUT "enter height of cylinder"; h

v = vol(r, h)

PRINT "thr volume of cylinder"; v

END

FUNCTION vol (r, h)

vo = 3.141 * r * r * h

vol = vo

END FUNCTION

WAP to find the volume of a Cylinder using sub module

DECLARE SUB vol (r, h)

CLS

INPUT "enter radius of cylinder"; r

INPUT "enter height of cylinder"; h

CALL vol(r, h)

END

SUB vol (r, h)

vo = 3.141 * r * r * h

PRINT "the volume of cylinder"; vo

END SUB

WAP to enter radius and height of a cylinder

REM to print volume using sub procedure (hint: v=3.141*r*r*h)

REM to print total surface are using function (hint: t=2*3.141*r*(r*h)

DECLARE SUB VOLUME (R, H)

DECLARE FUNCTION TSA (R, H)

CLS

INPUT "enter radius"; R

INPUT "height"; H

CALL VOLUME(R, H)

PRINT "total surfae areA IS "; TSA(R, H)

END

FUNCTION TSA (R, H)

T = 2 * 314 * R * (R + H)

TSA = T

END FUNCTION

SUB VOLUME (R, H)

V = 3.141 * R * R * H

PRINT "THE VOLUME OF THE CYLINDER"; V

END SUB

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